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An assessment of CO2 uptake in the Arctic Ocean from 1985 to 2018
Yasunaka, S.; Manizza, M.; Terhaar, J.; Olsen, A.; Yamaguchi, R.; Landschützer, P.; Watanabe, E.; Carroll, D.; Adiwira, H.; Müller, J.D.; Hauck, J. (2023). An assessment of CO2 uptake in the Arctic Ocean from 1985 to 2018. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 37(11): e2023GB007806. https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023gb007806
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC. ISSN 0886-6236; e-ISSN 1944-9224
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
    Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee: Open access 393895 [ download pdf ]
Keyword
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    pCO(2);CO2 flux;sea ice;RECCAP2;ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE;EARTH SYSTEM MODEL;AIR-SEA FLUXES;SURFACE OCEAN;INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY;ORGANIC-CARBON;CYCLE FEEDBACKS;UPTAKE CAPACITY;ICE;SHELF
Authors  Top 
  • Yasunaka, S.
  • Manizza, M.
  • Terhaar, J.
  • Olsen, A.
  • Yamaguchi, R.
  • Landschützer, P.
  • Watanabe, E.
  • Carroll, D.
  • Adiwira, H.
  • Müller, J.D.
  • Hauck, J.
Abstract
    As a contribution to the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes phase 2 (RECCAP2) project, we present synthesized estimates of Arctic Ocean sea-air CO2 fluxes and their uncertainties from surface ocean pCO2-observation products, ocean biogeochemical hindcast and data assimilation models, and atmospheric inversions. For the period of 1985–2018, the Arctic Ocean was a net sink of CO2 of 116 ± 4 TgC yr−1 in the pCO2 products, 92 ± 30 TgC yr−1 in the models, and 91 ± 21 TgC yr−1 in the atmospheric inversions. The CO2 uptake peaks in late summer and early autumn, and is low in winter when sea ice inhibits sea-air fluxes. The long-term mean CO2 uptake in the Arctic Ocean is primarily caused by steady-state fluxes of natural carbon (70% ± 15%), and enhanced by the atmospheric CO2 increase (19% ± 5%) and climate change (11% ± 18%). The annual mean CO2 uptake increased from 1985 to 2018 at a rate of 31 ± 13 TgC yr−1 dec−1 in the pCO2 products, 10 ± 4 TgC yr−1 dec−1 in the models, and 32 ± 16 TgC yr−1 dec−1 in the atmospheric inversions. Moreover, 77% ± 38% of the trend in the net CO2 uptake over time is caused by climate change, primarily due to rapid sea ice loss in recent years. Furthermore, true uncertainties may be larger than the given ensemble standard deviations due to common structural biases across all individual estimates.
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