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Long-term change in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the heterotrophic Scheldt estuary (Belgium, The Netherlands)
Soetaert, K.; Middelburg, J.J.; Heip, C.H.R.; Meire, P.; Van Damme, S.; Maris, T. (2006). Long-term change in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the heterotrophic Scheldt estuary (Belgium, The Netherlands). Limnol. Oceanogr. 51(1): 409-423. dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0409
In: Limnology and Oceanography. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography: Waco, Tex., etc. ISSN 0024-3590; e-ISSN 1939-5590
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
    Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee: Open Marine Archive 98056 [ download pdf ]
Keywords
    ANE, Netherlands, Westerschelde
    Aquatic organisms > Heterotrophic organisms
    Environments > Aquatic environment > Brackishwater environment
    Nutrients (mineral)
    Organic matter > Dissolved organic matter
    Temporal variations > Long-term changes
    Westerschelde [Marine Regions]; Zeeschelde [Marine Regions]
    Marine/Coastal; Brackish water
Authors  Top 
  • Soetaert, K.
  • Middelburg, J.J.
  • Heip, C.H.R.
  • Meire, P.
  • Van Damme, S.
  • Maris, T.
Abstract
    We investigated long-term trends (1965–2002) in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the tidal part of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, The Netherlands). Annually averaged concentrations of dissolved silicate (DSi), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and phosphate (DIP) increased significantly until the mid-1970s, after which they declined linearly at rates of 0.6, 2.9, and 0.3 µmol L- yr-, respectively. This co-occurred with a deterioration followed by a restoration of water column oxic conditions. Because of the differences in the reduction rate of DSi (1.2% yr-), DIN (1.7% yr-), and DIP (5.4% yr21), the N: P and Si : P ratios more than doubled from 1980 to 2002. The Si :N ratio varied from 0.2 to 0.4 and was positively correlated with river discharge. The part downstream from the confluence of the main rivers was a net sink for DSi during the entire period but evolved from a net sink to a net source for DIP, while the reverse was true for DIN. This differential behavior of the estuary with respect to DIN and DIP strongly buffered the altered loadings to the upper estuary. The input of oxygen-consuming substances at the head of the estuary triggered a sequence of oxidation reactions. In the early 1970s, high loadings of ammonium and organic matter caused oxygen depletion and intense water-column denitrification in the upstream part and intense nitrification downstream, with a nitrate maximum succeeding a nitrite peak. With oxic conditions improving and the input of ammonium decreasing, water-column denitrification declined, the nitrification front migrated upstream, and the estuary evolved from a net producer of nitrite to a net consumer. Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, nitrate behaves almost conservatively over the entire estuary.
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